How to Write a Law School Case Brief

Writing a  case brief  can be rather easy once you’ve got the format down. While this guide focuses more on the structure of a written brief, you should keep most of the elements when doing a book brief as well. Read through a case once before you begin briefing, and then focus on the important parts of the case, which will become the elements of the case brief: Difficulty:  Average Time Required:  Depends on length of case Here's How Facts:  Pinpoint the determinative facts of a case,  i.e., those that make a difference in the outcome. Your goal here is to be able to tell the story of the case without missing any pertinent information but also not including too many extraneous facts either; it takes some practice to pick out the determinative facts, so don’t get discouraged if you miss the mark the first few times. Above all, make sure you have clearly marked the parties’ names and positions in the case (Plaintiff/Defendant or Appellee/Appellant).Procedural History:  Record what has happened procedurally in the case up until this point. The dates of case filings, motions of summary judgment, court rulings, trials, and verdicts or judgments should be noted, but usually this isn’t an extremely important part of a  case brief  unless the court decision is heavily based in procedural rules—or unless you note that your professor loves to focus on procedural history.Issue Presented :  Formulate the main issue or issues in the case in the form of questions, preferably with a yes or no answer, which will help you more clearly state the holding in the next section of the case brief.Holding:  The holding should directly respond to the question in the Issue Presented, begin with â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no,† and elaborate with â€Å"because†¦Ã¢â‚¬  from there. If the opinion says â€Å"We hold†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that’s the holding; some holdings aren’t so easy to pinpoint, though, so look for the lines in the opinion that answer your Issue Presented question.Rule of Law: In some cases, this will be clearer than others, but basically you want to identify the principle of law on which the judge or justice is basing the resolution of the case. This is what you’ll often hear called â€Å"black letter law.†Legal Reasoning: This is the most important part of your brief as it describes why the court ruled the way it did; some la w professors dwell on facts more than others, some more on procedural history, but all spend the most time on the court’s reasoning as it combines all parts of the case rolled in one, describing the application of the rule of law to the facts of the case, often citing other court’s opinions and reasoning or public policy considerations in order to answer the issue presented. This part of your brief traces the court’s reasoning step by step, so be sure that you record it without gaps in logic as well.Concurring/Dissenting Opinion:  You don’t need to spend too much time on this part other than the pinpoint the concurring or dissenting judge’s main point of contention with the majority opinion and rationale. Concurring and dissenting opinions hold lots of law professor  Socratic Method  fodder, and you can be ready by including this part in your case brief.Importance to class: While having all of the above will give you a complete brief, you may also want to make some notes on why the case is important relevant to your class. Jot down why the case was included in your reading assignment (why it was important to read) and any questions you have about the case as well. While briefing cases is always helpful, your brief is most important in the context of the class that it is for. What You Need Case bookPaper and pen or computerAttention to detail

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1529 Words

Shakespeare was a well-known 16th century playwright and author. In a range of his sonnets and his popular play, ‘Romeo and Juliet’, he presents his views and ideologies of love and challenges the conventions of love at the time. Shakespeare does this in a multitude of ways that subtly but effectively changes society’s view on love. Throughout the majority of his sonnets and in ‘Romeo and Juliet’, Shakespeare goes against the Petrarchan views on love which were courtly love and also were the norm at the time. Petrarch was an Italian scholar and a poet who wrote sonnets which formed ideas on how love should be and by the 16th century, these ideas of love were the conventions. In sonnet 116, Shakespeare writes ‘love is not love’. The first ‘love’ being courtly love and the Petrarchan views on love, the second ‘love’ being true love and Shakespeare’s ideologies of love. Shakespeare is telling the audience at the time that the love they think they feel isn’t ‘true love’, it’s just the idea of love and courtly love rather than true love. This ‘mocking’ of the conventions at the time links to many other sonnets but mainly sonnet 130. The whole sonnet is a satirical piece that presents Petrarch’s ideologies of love in a way that makes them seem idiotic and untrue. The theme of courtly love being very different to true love is also seen in Romeo and Juliet. When Romeo is in courtly love with Rosaline, he talks about the feeling of love and how he deserves to have her, then when heShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

Male Gender Roles Free Essays

Male Gender Roles by Daniel Huerta Introduction to Sociology Sociology 1301 Spring 2011 Houston Community College Northline Campus Ms. Nichole C. Boutte-Heiniluoma Male Gender Roles As soon as a person is born, society has taken care of designating what gender that baby is born into. We will write a custom essay sample on Male Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the blanket in which the newborn is wrapped in, be it blue for boys or pink for girls, for the longest time has had this responsibility. In school the child is being taught by teachers that boys play with boys and girls with girls and the boys play with cars and get dirty while the girls play with dolls and need to act like little ladies. From there it is the parents’ responsibility and they continue to instill in their children the duties or responsibilities that the gender that they were assigned ought to be. Girls are taught to cook and serve the males and the boys are taught to work and take care of the home, wife, and the family. While this is going on in the child’s life, the media like television, books, and other forms of information play a large part in continuing to emphasize the rules and duties of each gender. So constant reminding is at hand for what society has labeled each gender to be and act and that which through generations and familial traditions has been. But what happens when a young boy decides to bend the gender role line and begins to dress up in girl dresses and loves to wear jewelry? Society begins to dictate that that child is wrong because traditionally that is not what boys do. But what happens when adult men begin to do things that normally society says those things are done by females only? Recently the term â€Å"metrosexual† has come into play in society. Men who love to shop, hang out with girlfriends, have facials, dress sharply, and yet still are considered heterosexual males. I have picked two articles from the internet that talk about these two different types of behavior that currently boys and men are expressing. Even though society dictates what is right and wrong for gender roles, society has accepted the change in heterosexual males but is not tolerant for a young boy to dress up in girl clothing. Why is this? Gender roles are cultural and personal. They determine how males and females should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. While various socializing agents like parents, teachers, peers, movies, television, music, books, and religion-teach and reinforce gender roles throughout the lifespan, parents probably exert the greatest influence, especially on their very young offspring. † â€Å"CliffNotes. com. Gender Rol es. 25 March 2011. † As stated by CliffNotes. com, parents are the ones that will shape how the child will be in society. Twenty years ago when American society was very traditional parents were one-sighted even though they may have had offspring that they may have considered different, but because society stipulated a certain norm, those offspring were forced and raised according to tradition. Boys wore pants and t-shirts and tennis shoes and they played outside with other boys at cowboys and Indians. They got dirty because â€Å"they’re just being boys† was heard constantly growing up. That was twenty-some years ago, but now society has evolved and is changing. Take for instance the case of five-year old boy who loves to dress up in girl dresses. Has society evolved to the point that this is acceptable? Dyson, a five-year old boy recently was showcased on national television because his mother has written a book about her son and his desire and gratification of wearing girl dresses and tutus. â€Å"My Princess Boy† is a book written by Cheryl Kilodavis about her 5-year old Dyson and the cruel reaction he faces when he wears sparkly frocks, twirly skirts and jewelry. â€Å"Princess Boy at Center of Biting Debate. Abcnews. go. com. 29 Oct. 2010. † Ms. Kilodavis began noticing Dyson’s desire to wear girls clothing and accessories and she got worried because of the scrutiny her son would endure as he grew up. She wanted to make sure that he was psychologically stable so she had Dyson evaluated by a psychologist and a medical team because as she stated, â€Å"Everything out there is always about gender identity confusion, and I wanted to make sure my child was happy and with who he was. † According to the evaluation, Dyson was normal with just a flare for the pretty and sparkly things even though he still like to play â€Å"boy† sports. According to Ms. Kilodavis she even tried to redirect his affection to girl clothing by providing the school where he attended with masculine dress ups like a band member uniform and even a karate uniform, but to no avail, Dyson preferred dressing up in girl dresses. This is what made his feel happy so she decided to accept her son for the way he was and wrote the book to make it available so that society can understand and accept children like Dyson. Even though there are still traditional parents she has received comments from both sides of the spectrum. Some say she shouldn’t exploit her son just to sell books others say she needs to protect him from how society will treat him as he grows up. Other have commented that they too have â€Å"princess boys† and they thank her for sharing her story because they felt they were alone in society with a child like hers. Even men have written to Ms. Kilodavis showing their support wishing they had a mother like Dyson’s when they were growing up because they too considered themselves â€Å"princess boys† but were not allowed to act on those desires and impulses. As of 2003 a new term has evolved for straight, heterosexual males, â€Å"metrosexuals†. The term means that straight, heterosexual men like to so things that normally women love to do and men in general hate doing. How is this different that what Dyson is going through? â€Å"Metrosexuals, according to the New York Times, â€Å"are straight urban men who are willing, even eager, to embrace their feminine sides. † They love to shop with their gal pals. They were designer jeans, fashionable tops and have long conversations about thread counts. Some even wear makeup and nail polish,† writes Tom Purcell. The Metrosexual Male. Tom Purcell. 26 June 2003. † Again even though Mr. Purcell’s article is negating that it is correct for heterosexual male to behave in this manner, it shows us that it is common practice among this type of group of straight men. Why did these men begin to act on their desires to do the things that describe a metrosexual? Was it tha t they too had these impulses and desires since they were young but society did not allow them to act on them because of a stricter power over them, like their parents for instance, that didn’t allow them to be totally happy? Now that them men are adults they feel they can do whatever feels right to them and what identifies them as the male they want to be. Yes they don’t wear dresses like Dyson does, but maybe deep down they wish they could but to a certain degree they feel that society may look down upon them and doing the things they do is probably what society can handle from them at this point in time. Perhaps in the future society will be more understanding and allow not only metrosexuals, but all men to be who they feel they are. Mr. Purcell continues to disagree with the metrosexuals saying that society has been the one who has allowed this to happen. He continues to say that if you go to a playground you can still see the difference between boy and girls. He states, â€Å"By nature, girls are softer and gentler. They like fashion and nail polish and playing with dolls. By nature, boys are rough and tumble. They like trucks and tools and they couldn’t care less about their clothing or how their hair looks. Until they become feminized metrosexuals, that is. But again these boy and girls in the playground are doing what their parents are teaching them what they were taught when they were young, but Mr. Purcell doesn’t know what they young boy in the playground really wants to do or be. Mr. Purcell is following society and tradition in the concept of boys are boys and girls are girls. An internet article put out by www. toptenz. net/top-10-metrosexuals. php lists the top 10 public eye figures ranging from rocker Dave Navarro at number 10 who was once married to Carmen Electra to the number one spot which is David Bechkham, the famous English soccer player married to an ex-Spice Girl, Victoria Bechkham. These men are accepted by society for whatever role they play in the media. Even though they probably wear more makeup than their wives but it’s okay because we all like them and we look up to them. So in conclusion should society dictate what a young boy or an adult male should act or be? Since gender roles are created by society and society seems to be evolving, society needs to be more understanding and accepting to the different types of personalities and realize that what is wrong now may be correct in the future. In Dyson’s case maybe a television or movie producer should turn his mother’s book into a television show or even a movie for the big screen. Since the media plays a very large and important part in society if Dyson’s story is told for the whole world to see could that change society’s view for his love of wearing girl clothing like the acceptance of metrosexuals because of the fact that we admire famous actors and sports figures that are considered metrosexuals and we want to be like them and dress like them. That is the beauty of individualization, each person is a different world and unique and should not be judged by how they act or dress but accepted just the way they are because we might learn something from them that can benefit society we live in and make it a more tolerable place for difference and diversity. REFERENCES 1. CliffsNotes. com. Gender Roles. 25 Mar 2011 2. Italie, Leanna. (2010). Princess Boy’ at Center of Biting Debate [Electronic Version] abcNews. go. com 3. Purcell, Tom. The Metrosexual Male. 26 June 2003 4. TopTenz. net. Top 10 Metrosexuals PHOTO REFERENCES Dyson the Princess Boy †¢ www. theage. com. au/lifestyle/princess-boy-sparks-gender-furore-20101101-179rn. htm †¢ www. huffingtonpost. com/2011/01/04/princess-boy-dyson-kilodavis_n_804133. html? ir=Books Famous Metrosexuals †¢ TopTenz. net. Top 10 Metrosexuals How to cite Male Gender Roles, Papers

Th Hunger Games free essay sample

The Hunger Games The book starts out in Panem where it once was North America. Panem is a TV dominated dictatorship that is ruled by the Capitol. Panem is divided into twelve districts. Every year, Panem hosts a yearly game, the hunger games. The hunger games consist of twenty four tributes, one male and one female from each district, age twelve to eighteen. The twelve tributes are chosen by lottery and are placed in a arena to fight for there life. Only one lucky winner could win the hunger games. The main protagonist, Katniss Everdeen sacrifices her life in place of her sister which was chosen to be a tribute into the hunger games. With more complication, Peeta Mellark, a bakers son was also chosen into the hunger games. With Peeta in the hunger games with Katniss, this brings this story into a nerve racking tension, thrilling action, and engaging love story. We will write a custom essay sample on Th Hunger Games or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through out the story Katniss learns how to survive in the game and comes across decisions that could end her life. The game creators exposes harmful events into the arena that brings the tributes together to kill one another for the survival of the game. Katniss chooses to be independent during the games which would help her kill the other tributes one by one with out any guilt. With Peeta in the games, Katniss struggles and her successful plans fail, which brings Katniss into another brainstorming situation. Throughout the game, situations becomes more tighter and thinking of what to do next was not a choice. At the end of the story all tight ends becomes loose but situations begins to ravel up again between Katniss and another important character. This bearing ties up the first book but it introduces the next book of The Hunger Games series.

Examiner report free essay sample

NEBOSH (The National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health) was formed in 1979 as an independent examining board and awarding body with charitable status. We offer a comprehensive range of globally-recognised, vocationally-related qualifications designed to meet the health, safety, environmental and risk management needs of all places of work in both the private and public sectors. Courses leading to NEBOSH qualifications attract over 25,000 candidates annually and are offered by over 400 course providers in 65 countries around the world. Our qualifications are recognised by the relevant professional membership bodies including the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) and the International Institute of Risk and Safety Management (IIRSM). NEBOSH is an awarding body recognised and regulated by the UK regulatory authorities: ? ? ? ? The Office of the Qualifications and Examinations Regulator (Ofqual) in England The Department for Education and Skills (DfES) in Wales The Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) in Northern Ireland The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) in Scotland Where appropriate, NEBOSH follows the latest version of the â€Å"GCSE, GCE, Principal Learning and Project Code of Practice† published by the regulatory authorities in relation to examination setting and marking (available at the Ofqual website www. We will write a custom essay sample on Examiner report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ofqual. gov. uk). While not obliged to adhere to this code, NEBOSH regards it as best practice to do so. Candidates’ scripts are marked by a team of Examiners appointed by NEBOSH on the basis of their qualifications and experience. The standard of the qualification is determined by NEBOSH, which is overseen by the NEBOSH Council comprising nominees from, amongst others, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH). Representatives of course providers, from both the public and private sectors, are elected to the NEBOSH Council. This report on the Examination provides information on the performance of candidates which it is hoped will be useful to candidates and tutors in preparation for future examinations. It is intended to be constructive and informative and to promote better understanding of the syllabus content and the application of assessment criteria.  © NEBOSH 2011 Any enquiries about this report publication should be addressed to: NEBOSH Dominus Way Meridian Business Park Leicester LE10 1QW Tel: 0116 263 4700 Fax: 0116 282 4000 Email: [emailprotected] org. uk 2 EXTERNAL General comments Many candidates are well prepared for this unit assessment and provide comprehensive and relevant answers in response to the demands of the question paper. This includes the ability to demonstrate understanding of knowledge by applying it to workplace situations. There are always some candidates, however, who appear to be unprepared for the unit assessment and who show both a lack of knowledge of the syllabus content and a lack of understanding of how key concepts should be applied to workplace situations. In order to meet the pass standard for this assessment, acquisition of knowledge and understanding across the syllabus are prerequisites. However, candidates need to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding in answering the questions set. Referral of candidates in this unit is invariably because they are unable to write a full, well-informed answer to one or more of the questions asked. Some candidates find it difficult to relate their learning to the questions and as a result offer responses reliant on recalled knowledge and conjecture and fail to demonstrate a sufficient degree of understanding. Candidates should prepare themselves for this vocational examination by ensuring their understanding, not rote-learning pre-prepared answers. Common pitfalls It is recognised that many candidates are well prepared for their assessments. However, recurrent issues, as outlined below, continue to prevent some candidates reaching their full potential in the assessment. ? Many candidates fail to apply the basic principles of examination technique and for some candidates this means the difference between a pass and a referral. ? In some instances, candidates do not attempt all the required questions or are failing to provide complete answers. Candidates are advised to always attempt an answer to a compulsory question, even when the mind goes blank. Applying basic health and safety management principles can generate credit worthy points. ? Some candidates fail to answer the question set and instead provide information that may be relevant to the topic but is irrelevant to the question and cannot therefore be awarded marks. ? Many candidates fail to apply the command words (also known as action verbs, eg describe, outline, etc). Command words are the instructions that guide the candidate on the depth of answer required. If, for instance, a question asks the candidate to ‘describe’ something, then few marks will be awarded to an answer that is an outline. Similarly the command word ‘identify’ requires more information than a ‘list’. ? Some candidates fail to separate their answers into the different sub-sections of the questions. These candidates could gain marks for the different sections if they clearly indicated which part of the question they were answering (by using the numbering from the question in their answer, for example). Structuring their answers to address the different parts of the question can also help in logically drawing out the points to be made in response. ? Candidates need to plan their time effectively. Some candidates fail to make good use of their time and give excessive detail in some answers leaving insufficient time to address all of the questions. ? Candidates should also be aware that Examiners cannot award marks if handwriting is illegible. ? Candidates should note that it is not necessary to start a new page in their answer booklet for each section of a question. In most answers, there seemed to be a general lack of understanding of either practical control measures that should be taken or technical solutions that were available with a consequent reliance on procedural controls such as the provision of breaks and job rotation. 4 EXTERNAL Question 2 During redecoration work temporary access is to be provided for office workers through an external storage area where vehicles are operating. Identify the control measures to reduce the risk of injury to the office workers when using this temporary access. (8) In answer to this question, candidates could have identified control measures such as ensuring the suitability of the floor surface; marking a walkway which should be adequate in width, well signed and routed so that there is no danger that the office workers might come into contact with stored items or be struck by falling objects; providing well marked crossing points over vehicle routes together with physical barriers where these are considered to be necessary; providing a good standard of lighting; programming the work in the storage area so that traffic movement is restricted during the times that the access route is being used; issuing the office workers with high visibility jackets; ensuring that the vehicle drivers have adequate visibility for example by the erection of mirrors; and ensuring good standards of housekeeping in the storage area with arrangements for providing protection during inclement weather such as for example for the application of grit to prevent slipping. Whilst in general this question was reasonably well answered, some candidates concentrated only on control measures directly connected with the vehicl es to the exclusion of those which might have a more direct effect on pedestrians such as walkways and protection from falling materials. Question 3 With reference to the fire triangle, identify the factors that could increase the risk of a fire starting in a motor vehicle repair workshop. (8) In their answers to this question, candidates were initially expected to refer to the three components of the fire triangle, namely ignition, fuel and oxygen and then to identify the factors in a motor vehicle repair workshop related to these components that could increase the risk of a fire starting. For example, possible ignition sources would include hot work, faults in electrical equipment, hot vehicle parts, and heating and lighting appliances. In this type of workshop, there would be many potential sources of fuel such as petrol, oils and lubricants; paints and solvents together with their empty containers; flammable gases such as acetylene; flammable waste together with the usual collection of newspaper, cardboard and litter. There would be sufficient air in the workshop to sustain the fire once started particularly if a local exhaust ventilation system was in operation. Some candidates identified factors such as a failure to carry out a fire assessment and a lack of fire training which could not be said to be linked to the fire triangle while others did not concentrate on the scenario described and listed items which might increase the risk of fire in any type of workshop. 5 EXTERNAL Question 4 Water bottles weighing 20kg are currently being stored in a basement and employees are required to carry them to a first floor office and locate them onto a water dispenser. Outline control measures that could be taken to reduce the risk of manual handling injuries relating to: (a) the task; (4) (b) the load, (2) (c) the environment. (2) An initial control measure that could be taken to reduce the risk of manual handling injuries relating to the load would be to avoid the operation completely by installing a mains fed water supply to the dispenser. If this was not possible, then consideration would have to be given to having the bottles delivered and stored closer to the dispenser or to load them on to a trolley in the basement which might then be brought by lift to the first floor and the bottles lifted by two persons onto the dispenser. As for the load, control measures could include the purchase of smaller bottles preferably with hand holds and marking the bottles with their weight. In considering the environment, candidates could have referred to the need to ensure there was sufficient space in the store room, that the surface of the floor was sound, that an acceptable standard of lighting was provided and that there was an unobstructed route from the room to the location of the water dispenser. Some candidates did not provide answers specific to the three part of the question but wrote in general terms on how to carry out a manual handling assessment. Others, who possibly misread the question, discussed hazards and risks rather than control measures. Question 5 Outline factors to consider when carrying out an assessment of a display screen equipment (DSE) workstation. (8) In answering this question, reference should have been made to factors such as consideration of the work activity to be performed for example data inputing or touch typing in relation to the layout of the workstation; the height and adjustability of the monitor; the provision of a wrist support for the keyboard; the adjustability and stability of the chair provided for the operator; the size of the desk; the positioning of the pointing devices; the layout of equipment such as the document holder and the printer; the location of the workstation with regard to lighting and glare; environmental.

Sophocles Oedipus Summary

Sophocles Oedipus Summary Originally performed at the ​City Dionysia, probably in the second year of the Athenian Plague 429 B.C., Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannos (frequently Latinized as Oedipus Rex) won second prize. We dont have the play that won first to compare, but Oedipus Tyrannos is considered by many to be the best Greek tragedy. Overview The city of Thebes wants its rulers to fix its current problem, an outbreak of divinely-sent pestilence. Prophecies reveal the means to the end, but Oedipus the ruler, who is committed to the cause of Thebes, doesnt realize he is at the root of the problem. The tragedy shows his gradual awakening. Structure of Oedipus Tyrannos Prologue (1-150)Parodos (151-215)First Episode (216-462)First Stasimon (463-512)Second Episode (513-862) Kommos (649-697)Second Stasimon (863-910)Third Episode (911-1085)Third Stasimon (1086-1109)Fourth Episode (1110-1185)Fourth Stasimon (1186-1222)Exodus (1223-1530) Source: Oedipus Tyrannos edited by by R.C. Jebb The divisions of ancient plays were marked by interludes of choral odes. For this reason, the first song of the chorus is called the parodos (or eisodos because the chorus enters at this time), although the subsequent ones are called stasima, standing songs. The episodes, like acts, follow the parados and stasima. The exodus is the final, leaving-the-stage choral ode. The kommos is an interchange between chorus and actors. See List of the Components of Greek Tragedy Prologue 1-150.(Priest, Oedipus, Creon) The priest summarizes the dismal plight of Thebes. Creon says the oracle of Apollo says the defiler responsible for the pestilence will have to be banished or pay with blood, since the crime was one of blood the killing of Oedipus predecessor, Laius. Oedipus promises to work for the revenge, which satisfies the priest. Parodos 151-215.The chorus summarizes the plight of Thebes and says it is fearful of what is to come. First Episode 216-462.(Oedipus, Tiresias) Oedipus says he will support the cause of finding the killer just as if Laius had been his own father. He curses those who will hinder the investigation. The chorus suggests he call on the soothsayer Tiresias. Tiresias enters led by a boy. Tiresias asks what hes been summoned for and when he hears he makes enigmatic statements about his wisdom not helping. The comments anger Oedipus. Tiresias tells Oedipus that he, Oedipus, is the defiler. Oedipus suggests that Tiresias is in cahoots with Creon, but Tiresias insists Oedipus is all to blame. Oedipus says that he didnt ask for the crown, it was given him as a result of solving the riddle of the sphinx and so ridding the city of its problems. Oedipus wonders why Tiresias didnt solve the sphinxs riddle if hes such a good soothsayer and says theyre scapegoating him. He then taunts the blind seer. Tiresias says Oedipus taunts about his blindness will come back to haunt him. When Oedipus orders Tiresias to leave, Tiresias reminds him he didnt want to come, but only came because Oedipus insisted. Oedipus asks Tiresias who his parents were. Tiresias replies that hell learn soon enough. Tiresias riddles that the defiler appears to be an alien, but is a native Theban, brother and father to his own children, and will leave Thebes as a beggar. Oedipus and Tiresias exit. First Stasimon 463-512.(Consisting of two strophes and the responsive antistrophes) The chorus describes the dilemmas, a man was named who is now trying to escape his fate. While Tiresias is mortal and can have made a mistake, the gods cant have done so. Second Episode 513-862.(Creon, Oedipus, Jocasta) Creon argues with Oedipus about whether or not he is trying to steal the throne. Jocasta comes in and tells the men to stop fighting and go home. The chorus urges Oedipus not to condemn a man who has always been honorable solely on the basis of a rumor. Creon exits. Jocasta wants to know what the men were arguing about. Oedipus says Creon accused him of shedding Laius blood. Jocasta says seers arent infallible. She relates a story: Seers told Laius that he would be killed by a son, but they pinned the babys feet together and left him to die on a mountain, so Apollo didnt make the son kill his father. Oedipus begins to see the light, asks for confirming details and says he thinks he has condemned himself with his curses. He asks who told Jocasta about Laius death at the junction of three roads. She replies it was a slave who is no longer at Thebes. Oedipus asks Jocasta to summon him. Oedipus tells his story, as he knows it: He was the son of Polybus of Corinth and Merope, or so he thought until a drunk told him he was illegitimate. He went to Delphi to learn the truth, and there heard that he would kill his father and sleep with his mother, so he left Corinth for good, coming to Thebes, where he has been since. Oedipus wants to know one thing from the slave whether it was true that Laius men were beset by a band of robbers or was it by a single man, since if it was a band, Oedipus will be in the clear. Jocasta says thats not the only point that should clear Oedipus her son had been killed in infancy, but she sends for the witness, anyway. Iocasta and Oedipus exit. Second Stasimon 863-910. The chorus sings of pride coming before a fall. It also says that the oracles must come true or he will never believe them again. Third Episode 911-1085.(Jocasta, Shepherd Messenger from Corinth, Oedipus) Recommended reading: Undoing in Sophoclean Drama: Lusis and the Analysis of Irony, by Simon Goldhill; Transactions of the American Philological Association (2009) Jocasta enters. She says she wants permission to go as a suppliant to a shrine because Oedipus fear has been contagious. A Corinthian Shepherd messenger enters. The messenger asks for the house of Oedipus and is told by the chorus which mentions that the woman standing there is the mother of Oedipus children. The messenger says the king of Corinth has died and Oedipus is to be made king. Oedipus enters. Oedipus learns that his father died of old age without Oedipus help. Oedipus tells Jocasta he must still fear the part of the prophecy about sharing his mothers bed. The Corinthian messenger tries to persuade Oedipus to return home to Corinth with him, but Oedipus declines, so the messenger assures Oedipus he has nothing to fear from the oracle, since the Corinthian king was not his father by blood. The Corinthian messenger was the shepherd who had presented the infant Oedipus to King Polybus. He had received the infant Oedipus from a Theban herdsman in the woods of Mt. Cithaeron. The Corinthian messenger-shepherd claims to have been Oedipus savior since he had taken out the pin that held the babys ankles together. Oedipus asks if anyone knows whether the Theban herdsman is around. The chorus tells him Jocasta would know best, but Jocasta asks him to give it up. When Oedipus insists, she says her last words to Oedipus (part of Oedipus curse was that no one should talk with those who brought the pestilence on Thebes, but as well soon see, its not just that curse shes responding to). Jocasta exits. Oedipus says Jocasta may be worried that Oedipus is base born. Third Stasimon 1086-1109. The chorus sings that Oedipus will acknowledge Thebes as his home. This short stasimon is called the cheerful chorus. For interpretation, see: The Third Stasimon of the Oedipus TyrannosDavid SansoneClassical Philology (1975). Fourth Episode 1110-1185.(Oedipus, Corinthian Shepherd, former Theban shepherd) Oedipus says he sees a man old enough to be the Theban herdsman. The former Theban herdsman enters. Oedipus asks the Corinthian herdsman if the man who has just entered is the man he referred to. The Corinthian herdsman says he is. Oedipus asks the newcomer if he was once in the employ of Laius. He says he was, as a shepherd, who led his sheep on Mt. Cithaeron, but he doesnt recognize the Corinthian. The Corinthian asks the Theban if he remembers having given him a baby. He then says the baby is now King Oedipus. The Theban curses him. Oedipus scolds the old Theban man and orders his hands tied, at which point the Theban agrees to answer the question, which is whether he had given the Corinthian herdsman a baby. When he agrees, Oedipus asks where he got the baby, to which the Theban reluctantly says the house of Laius. Further pressed, he says it was probably Laius son, but Jocasta would know better, since it was Jocasta who gave the child to him to dispose of because the prophecies told that that child would kill its father. Oedipus says hes been accursed and will see no more. Fourth Stasimon 1186-1222. The chorus comments on how no man should be counted blessed because bad fortune may be just around the corner. Exodos 1223-1530.(2nd Messenger, Oedipus, Creon) Messenger enters. He says Jocasta has killed herself. Oedipus finds her hanging, takes one of her brooches and pokes out his own eyes. Now he is having trouble because he needs assistance, yet wants to leave Thebes. The chorus wants to know why he blinded himself. Oedipus says it was Apollos he and his family suffer, but it was his own hand that did the blinding. He calls himself thrice cursed. He says if he could make himself deaf, too, he would. The chorus tells Oedipus that Creon approaches. Since Oedipus had falsely accused Creon, he asks what he should say. Creon enters. Creon tells Oedipus he isnt there to scold him. Creon tells the attendants to take Oedipus out of sight. Oedipus asks Creon to do him a favor that will help Creon to banish him. Creon says he could have done that, but hes not sure its the gods will. Oedipus asks to live on Mt. Cithaeron where he was supposed to have been cast. He asks Creon to look after his children. Attendants bring in Oedipus daughters Antigone and Ismene. Oedipus tells his daughters they have the same mother. He says no one is likely to want to marry them. He asks Creon to pity them, especially since they are kin. Although Oedipus wants to be banished, he doesnt want to leave his children. Creon tells him not to try to continue to be master. The chorus reiterates that no man should be counted happy until the end of his life. The End.

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Nine Characteristics Of Policy Making Social Work Essay Introduction Ever since the report of Sir William Beveridge The Social Insurance and Allied Services report was published at the end of 1942 has been seen as the cornerstone of the Welfare State as it indentified that national insurance contributions would insure that the state would provided social security so that the population would be protected from the cradle to the grave. This was the ideological aim by Beveridge to improve productivity our standing in the global market at a time when the world had be financially damaged by the conflict that occurred during World War 2. 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It can be said that the impact of the global credit crunch and subsequent recession has played a contributory part in the changes that are taking place and has possibly garnered more public support in light of the squeeze that the recession has caused on the purses of working households. Seventy years ago, with Britain locked in battle against the armies of Nazi Germany, one of the most brilliant public servants of his generation was hard at work on a report that would change our national life for ever. Invited by Churchills government to consider the issue of welfare once victory was won, Sir William Beveridge set out to slay the five giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. When his report was published at the end of 1942, it became the cornerstone of a welfare state that supported its citizens from cradle to grave, banishing the poverty and starvation of the Depression, and laying the foundations for the great post-war boom. For years the welfare state was one of the glories of Britains democratic landscape, a monument to the generosity and decency of human nature, offering a hand up to those unlucky enough to be born at the bottom. Nine characteristics of Policy Making FORWARD LOOKING The policy-making process clearly defines outcomes that the policy is designed to achieve and, where appropriate, takes a long-term view based on statistical trends and informed predictions of social, political, economic and cultural trends, for at least five years into the future of the likely effect and impact of the policy. The following points demonstrate a forward looking approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A statement of intended outcomes is prepared at an early stage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Contingency or scenario planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Taking into account the Governments long term strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of DTIs Foresight programme and/or other forecasting work OUTWARD LOOKING The policy-making process takes account of influencing factors in the national, European and international situation; draws on experience in other countries; considers how policy will be communicated with the public. The following points demonstrate an outward looking approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Makes use of OECD, EU mechanisms etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Looks at how other countries dealt with the issue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recognises regional variation within England à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communications/presentation strategy prepared and implemented INNOVATIVE, FLEXIBLE AND CREATIVE The policy-making process is flexible and innovative, questioning established ways of dealing with things, encouraging new and creative ideas; and where appropriate, making established ways work better. Wherever possible, the process is open to comments and suggestions of others. Risks are identified and actively managed. The following points demonstrate an innovative, flexible and creative approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Uses alternatives to the usual ways of working (brainstorming sessions etc) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Defines success in terms of outcomes already identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consciously assesses and manages risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Takes steps to create management structures which promote new ideas and effective team working à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brings in people from outside into policy team EVIDENCE-BASED The advice and decisions of policy makers are based upon the best available evidence from a wide range of sources; all key stakeholders are involved at an early stage and throughout the policys development. All relevant evidence, including that from specialists, is available in an accessible and meaningful form to policy makers. Key points of an evidence based approach to policy-making include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reviews existing research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commissions new research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults relevant experts and/or used internal and external consultants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Considers a range of properly costed and appraised options INCLUSIVE The policy-making process takes account of the impact on and/or meets the needs of all people directly or indirectly affected by the policy; and involves key stakeholders directly. An inclusive approach may include the following aspects: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults those responsible for service delivery/implementation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults those at the receiving end or otherwise affected by the policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Carries out an impact assessment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Seeks feedback on policy from recipients and front line deliverers JOINED UP The process takes a holistic view; looking beyond institutional boundaries to the governments strategic objectives and seeks to establish the ethical, moral and legal base for policy. There is consideration of the appropriate management and organisational structures needed to deliver cross-cutting objectives. The following points demonstrate a joined-up approach to policy-making: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cross cutting objectives clearly defined at the outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Joint working arrangements with other departments clearly defined and well understood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Barriers to effective joined up clearly identified with a strategy to overcome them à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Implementation considered part of the policy making process REVIEW Existing/established policy is constantly reviewed to ensure it is really dealing with problems it was designed to solve, taking account of associated effects elsewhere. Aspects of a reviewing approach to policy-making include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ongoing review programme in place with a range of meaningful performance measures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mechanisms to allow service deliverers /customers to provide feedback direct to policy makers set up à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Redundant or failing policies scrapped EVALUATION Systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of policy is built into the policy making process. Approaches to policy making that demonstrate a commitment to evaluation include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clearly defined purpose for the evaluation set at outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Success criteria defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Means of evaluation built into the policy making process from the outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of pilots to influence final outcomes LEARNS LESSONS Learns from experience of what works and what does not. A learning approach to policy development includes the following aspects: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Information on lessons learned and good practice disseminated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Account available of what was done by policy-makers as a result of lessons learned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clear distinction drawn between failure of the policy to impact on the problem it was intended to resolve and managerial/operational failures of implementation. Conservative Thatcher Era It can be said that characteristics of the Labour and Conservative party remain constant, wherein there is a greater focus for Conservative government to reduce State dependency and a culture in the view of Thatcherism I think we have gone through a period when too many children and people have been given to understand I have a problem, it is the Governments job to cope with it! or I have a problem, I will go and get a grant to cope with it! I am homeless, the Government must house me! and so they are casting their problems on society and who is society? There is no such thing! There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first. It is our duty to look after ourselves and then also to help look after our neighbour and life is a reciprocal business and people have got the entitlements too much in mind without the obligations. (^  Interview for Womans Own (no such thing as society) with journalist Douglas Keay. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 23  September 1987. Retrieved 10  April 2007.) This ideology is represented with policy changes such as the introduction of poll tax in which everyone was expected to contribute the same amount of tax regardless of income or wealth and is seen as a poverty creating policy. It could be said that the era of Tory power between 1979 and 1997 was a period when actions were being implemented to deal with the crisis of welfare within the UK. It had been suggested that between 1951 and 1979, levels of controversy over anti-poverty policies were, arguably, not particularly high. Conservative ideologists however had much to say about the case for bringing market conditions more effectively to bear on distribution of social services, but only in the housing field had Conservative governments taken steps that represented major responses to this viewpoint. Labour disappointed many of its supporters, who closely identified the party with the advancement of the Welfare State. A succession of economic crises limited the money available for new a nti-poverty polices. Yet both parties, even before the Thatcher government came into power had considerably advanced public expenditure particularly on social policies, to the point where some economists argued that this kind of expenditure had become inflationary force, limiting the scope for new wealth creating private investment. This is a view politicians began to take seriously by the 1970s, with the most staggering growth in seen in public employment and social security transfer payments. Although it is tempting to attribute the change in climate for social policy in the UK to the Conservative led government of 1979, the changes had been gradually emerging before that date, and those changes were rooted as much in economics as in ideology. Keynesian economic management techniques involving manipulation of levels of government expenditure and taxation were employed to try to retain full employment without inflation. This however was not possible with monetarists school of thought being that the government must control the money supply and let economic forces bring the system under control (Friedman, 1962, 1977). The government at the time when Thatcher took office were undoubtedly hostile to state social policy. This hostility was rooted in a commitment to privatization, the curbing of public services and attacking trade unions. The government was untroubled by the evidence that such an approach was generating increased poverty. Despite the aims to control social polic y expenditure, it nevertheless grew as a whole, with spending on the National Health Services and Welfare continually increasing. See Glennerster and Hills (1998) for a detailed analysis of those trends. It was during that era that they changed supplementary benefit which  was a means-tested benefit in the United Kingdom, paid to people on low incomes, whether or not they were classed as unemployed such as pensioners, the sick and single-parents. Introduced in November 1966, it replaced the earlier system of discretionary National Assistance payments and was intended to top-up other benefits, hence its name. It was paid weekly by the  DHSS, through  giro  cheques and  order books, or fortnightly by the Unemployment Benefit Office by giro and cashed at local  post offices. This was subsequently abolished and replaced by income support and housing benefit by the Thatcher government and also signalled the change for the provision of sickness absence for the first 28 weeks from National Insurance to a Statutory Sick Pay scheme run by employers. The 1986 Social Security Act extended the scope for contracting out from the SERP (State Earnings Related Pension Scheme) which is now the basic state pension allowing the growth of private pension plans. The family income supplement was replaced by family credit which went onto evolve into tax credits under the New Labour government. Under the Thatcher government was a total restructure of the benefits system, which included, along the ones mentioned previously that change of unemployment benefit to job seekers allowance to emphasise the behaviour required and make allowance tested means after the first six months. Other changes made by the government at that time included the transformation of the invalidity benefit to incapacity benefit, aiming to force all but severely handicapped, below pension age, to become job seekers. One of the most complex pieces of legislation was the state support for single parent families, which was designed to secure increased contributions from absent parents (normally fathers) through the Child Support Act of 1991. Labour The Blair government when it came to Welfare declared themselves as the government for Welfare Reform with a commitment to a stable public expenditure programme, but the tendency of social security costs to rise regardless of policy change which is a problem also faced by the Thatcher government, which in turn limited New labours room to manoeuvre. Labour saw the solution to this dilemma by increasing employment; the stimulation of labour-market participation by single parents and the disabled as well as the unemployed is central to their social security policy strategy This is seen trough the introduction of working tax credit and their welfare to work programmes for young people under 25. The most significant aim of New Labour was to eradicate child poverty and this was done with schemes such as child tax credit, but possibly the biggest change introduced to tackle poverty was the National Minimum wage, which was transcending and ensured that everyone was entitled to a basic pay regardless of job role and prevented employers from exploiting employees, there has now however been greater argument for the introduction of a living wage, which is something that the present labour party actively support, with current opposition leader Ed Milliband and former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone supporters of a national living wage. It is worth remembering that when Tony Blair came to power in 1997, he claimed that we had reached the limits of the publics willingness simply to fund an unreformed welfare system through ever higher taxes and spending. Urgent welfare reforms, he said, would cut the bills of social failure, releasing money for schools and hospitals. Welfare Reform 2012 The Policy Agenda The main elements of the welfare reform act are The introduction of Universal Credit to provide a single streamlined payment that will improve work incentives A stronger approach to reducing fraud and error with tougher penalties for the most serious offences A new claimant commitment showing clearly what is expected of claimants while giving protection to those with the greatest needs Reforms to Disability Living Allowance, through the introduction of the Personal Independence Payment to meet the needs of disabled people today Creating a fairer approach to Housing Benefit to bring stability to the market and improve incentives to work Driving out abuse of the Social Fund system by giving greater power to local authorities Reforming Employment and Support Allowance to make the benefit fairer and to ensure that help goes to those with the greatest need Changes to support a new system of child support which puts the interest of the child first. This changes signal possibly the hugest shake up to the welfare act in one fell swoop, it can be argued however that New Labour were already implementing changes to reduce the welfare bill, but not in a way as direct as the coalition government, with one of the main focus being to reduce poverty and eradicate child poverty which is something that this essay will touch on further on in the essay. Britain now spends  7.2 per cent of GDP on its welfare system, and the costs of supporting the, supposedly, needy continue to rise.  As the Whitehall empire grows, drowning the noble intentions of welfare in red tape, so too do the number who chose to abuse the system. the turn against welfare is unprecedented. In previous times of austerity, public attitudes have always remained remarkably generous. Even in the straitened late Seventies, for example, seven out of ten people told pollsters they would like to see higher taxes to pay for higher social spending. The truth is that we have reached a watershed. To look after the weak is the first duty of any decent government; to abandon them would be unconscionable. Embarrassingly, Britain now has the highest proportion of working-age people on disability benefit in the developed world. And while just 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent of Japanese people and 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent of Americans live in households where no one works, the figure in Britain is 13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent.   The people who really lose from this, incidentally, are those who are genuinely disabled. They deserve boundless public sympathy; instead, thanks to the abuse of the system, they are too often treated with scepticism. But behind all this lies a deeper issue. Beveridge designed the welfare state for a tightly knit, deeply patriotic and overwhelmingly working-class society, dominated by the nuclear family. Though millions of people had grown up in intense poverty, they were steeped in a culture of working-class respectability and driven by an almost Victorian work ethic. In the world of the narrow terrace back streets, deliberate idleness would have been virtually unthinkable. It could be said that the welfare reform might not necessarily be a change in direction for anti-poverty policies, but a policy implemented to change the mind set of a nation that has transformed from one where people thought about what they could contribute towards their own nation especially at a time of war, to a nation where certain individuals, bearing in mind a small minority of people believe they deserve more from the state without having to earn it. The key factors of welfare reform is universal credit which will be an all encompassing payment that incorporates vast majority of out-of-work and housing benefits that households can receive. Poverty Relative and Absolute Child poverty Prominent reduction target. Major tax benefit reforms benefiting low-income families with children. Working-age poverty Policy focus on worklessness, not poverty in itself. Policies aimed at employment and income at work. Employment Clearest initial priority. Action through New Deals and active policy towards unemployed. Political participation Some aspects of constitutional reform and parts of Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) agenda for neighbourhood renewal. Participation requirements embedded in nearly all policy areas. Targets for volunteering and confidence in institutions. Poor neighbourhoods Major focus of SEU, with ambitious overall target. Policies both area-based and for mainstream services. Children and early years Has moved up the agenda with reviews in 1998 and 2004. Large increase in resources. Older people services and long-term incomes Royal Commission on Long Term Care but divided report and responses in England and Scotland. State Second Pension and Pension Credit reforms. The making of Anti-Poverty Policies Anti poverty policies Tax credits (Child and working tax credits), Child benefit, housing benefit, council tax benefit, income based JSA and ESA (Job seekers allowance and Employment Support Allowance), Income Support, Universal Credit Anti-poverty policy making Joseph Rowntree Foundation Prior to the Welfare Reform act the focus of policies was that the state help its citizens from the cradle to the grave with welfare support polices introduced throughout which coincided with the introduction of the national health service has been the mainstay and direction of a lot of anti-poverty polices that have been introduced in which the state takes care of those unable to take care of themselves. Countless policies have been introduced in that time that have provided assistance to the elderly, disabled, women, children, unemployed and those with long-term sickness are some of the groups that polices introduce since Beveridges report in 1942 have focused on assisting and helping. Although its not a surprise that ever since the coalition came into government, bearing in mind that the party is dominated by the Tories as the majority party, there manifesto ever since 1979 and the era of Thatcherism has always been to reduce the role of the state and give individuals greater pow er and responsibility over their own lives. The question has to whether the welfare reform act 2012 has signalled a change in direction for anti-poverty policies is not a straight forward question, with a straight forward answer, it can be suggested that it is important to look at the changes that have been taking place, with the welfare bill spiralling out of control, which was something noticed by New Labour when they came into power. Conclusion The welfare reform act can be seen as change in direction from the description of a nanny state into state that helps those who want to help themselves

A Social Gathering Essay -- Communication, Broadcasting, Press

Innovations and inventions are driving today’s market. Almost overnight, the concept of social media modifying business, large and small, has become prevalent. With this aspect in mind, companies must replicatet the ever-changing atmosphere of the global business media. The types of media available include blogs, photo sharing, video sharing, personal social networks, events, email, label social networks, wikis (internet user edited encyclopedias), pod casting, and texting. This social content may be demarcated as what people make and share. Both big and small businesses must adapt to an ever-changing economy due to the vast, expensive operation cost they need to cover. In order for small businesses to achieve leverage in an economy, they must carry out social media to see success. Communal broadcasting is a way for consumers to effectively advertise a product free of charge and it is this aspect that is benefiting a company. Consumers will share with their network if the product gives them joy (Evans 26). This is why blogs are so influential. They create a temperament with readers that trust them. Bloggers talk about a product in context of their lifestyle allowing it to be relatable to the reader. Many laws currently are in existence that affects bloggers. Some of these laws concern freedom and speech and copyright that potentially may differ from country to country and often times, the laws have not yet been updated to include more than traditional journalists (â€Å"Legal†). Bloggers specifically will have to find the fine line to walk on when most people in the blogosphere are normal people not familiar with publishing laws. These laws exist for a reason though. Blogs and other social media not being censored by any ... ...omics leading away from more laissez-faire policies to instead, ones involving checks and balances with in the economy. With this prerogative, small businesses will be able to thrive and succeed while still maintaining a relationship with bigger business. To achieve such success, social media advertising and innovative ways to catch the attention of the people must be employed. The internet and its growing abilities allows for even an individual to have a way to connect with the word. With different types of social media available from micro blogging to making interactive games, companies have the option to be flexible about how they want to get their product out to the mass public. This is why businesses may even have to be implementing the next new thing while also being aware of what social media is. The key is to stay innovative to be successful.

Neilsen’s Ice Cream – Marketing Game

[pic] Neilsen’s Ice Cream Report Report Katherine Johnstone HMMA†¢ CAH †¢ January 17, 2011 [pic] Introduction The company that I was part of during this marketing game was known as Nielsen’s Ice Cream. The aim of the game was to earn the most market share by making the right choices in marketing the products, purchasing the inventory, managing human resources, and working together. This report will go through the decisions made, reasons for them, and the outcome. Round 1 When starting out the game, our first round of decisions on marketing can be summed up with the following chart : Price |Marketing Budget |Promotion |Purchase | |Standard Ice Cream |280 |4000 |Commercial – Rich history |500 | |Special Ice Cream |295 |4000 |Commercial – Best quality |500 | |Luxury Ice Cream |295 |4000 |Sales Promotion -Cheap |500 | |Sugar Free Ice Cream |285 |4000 |Commercial – Quality/Price |500 | |Then we moved to our Human Resource Management, and made d ecisions that would affect our company internally. Board Salary: 5500 euro Size Sales Department:20 euro Education Budget:Average –> 2500 euro Working CircumstancesAverage –> 2600 euro Working Conditions:Training for management Training result oriented work Training on team building Flexible working conditions Music workplace To start off the research and development, we more so went with our best guess, feeling that this round would truly come close to being some what of a trail and error round. So the numbers for research and development are as follows: Process: 1000 euro Standard Ice Cream2100 euro Luxury Ice Cream2600 euro Special Ice Cream2400 euro Sugar Free Ice Cream2200 euro Round 2 Looking at the results from the previous round we made according adjustments, which are as follows.Standard Ice Cream With a starting price of 280 euro for the standard ice cream, the product did fairly well on the market. Our market share of the standard ice cream is 29%, which is pleasing, but staying there will be tough. A small change in the price, will be made in order to see if demand goes up or down, or is affected. We will still continue promoting the product a commercial approach, and continue with the same amount of money for the budget (4000 euro). Special Ice Cream Nielsen strongest product was our Special Ice Creams with an amount of 483.We won’t change anything on this product and will see if this does effect the company results in the next round. We will purchase 600 new items for the next round. Luxury Ice Cream The Luxury Ice Cream did a good job in the previous round, but can be improved by making some small changes. Nielsen changes the way of promoting to a Price/Quality advertisement, hoping that form of marketing will catch more attention. Sugar Free Ice Cream We sold 387 units of Sugar free ice creams last round, which is quite a high amount if you compare it with to our competitors.To attempt to increase sales and market share, Ni elsen will lower prices on this product from 285 to 280. The marketing budget of 4000 euro still stands and is put towards a commercial where they are telling about the price and quality relation. Round 3 Standard Ice Cream The standard ice cream was doing quite well the last round, so we felt only minor changes were needed. We had an average quality for this standard ice cream which we changed into a high quality, this is due to we believe that in order to be competitive you can’t settle on average.We purchased 350 products with a good quality. This high quality needs to be compensated by a higher price, because if you are just higher your quality, you will lose money. We changed the price from 285 to 295 euro. We are going to promote this product to a commercial which is giving the rich history of the product. Our marketing budget for the standard ice cream in this round is 4000 euro. With a higher quality and higher price, we should make some more profit out our standard i ce cream. Special Ice Cream Again it seems that the special ice cream is our strongest selling product.We had a price of 295 with a good quality. The changes will be made to up the sales of this special ice cream. We increased the marketing budget from 4000 euro to 4100 euro, so that people won’t loose interest and also to stay ahead of competition. We invested this 4100 euro in a tv commercial where Nielsen’s is proud of the high level of quality at this special ice cream. Because of the high sales we purchased 450 special ice cream on a excellent basis. The sales are very good for this special ice cream, so we made a decision to change the price from 295 to 300 euro.This shouldn’t make such an effect on peoples buying behavior. It’s in relation to change from a good quality to an excellent quality of the purchased items. Luxury Ice Cream The sales of the luxury ice cream weren’t so high in the fourth period. There should be a reason for this, whi ch we need to fix with making some changes. First we want to change the price from 295 to 290. This should people make more convenient to buy our product. When you are just lowering the price, somebody has to know that you made this changes, so we hired up the marketing budget from 4000 to 4200.This money will be invested in a sales promotion, so on that the sales will increase of this product. As a result of bad sales in the previous round, we don’t need such a high purchase of products. We will purchase 150 luxury ice creams on a good quality base. Sugar Free Ice Cream The sugar Free Ice Cream was the weakest product of the 4. With 203 sales and a market share of 15% the sugar free ice cream performed very poorly. We need to change something to higher up the sales and the market share. We changed the price of the sugar free ice cream from 280 to 270.We will promote this prices with a marketing budget of 4000 euro which won’t be changed from the previous round. This m oney will be invested in sponsoring, where we are telling that the sugar free ice cream has the best quality. The sales where such as bad, that we don’t need much to purchase. We are purchasing 150 sugar free ice creams, which should be enough because of an inventory of 400 stocks. Also in an attempt to sell more we had a press release stating that we were offering for a limited time a Holiday Special Sale, which is why the price was then lowered by 10 euros.In Human Resources we were not performing well as far as our staff was concerned, so we decided to try increasing the education budget from ‘average – 2500’ to ‘good-4000’, in hopes that a higher education will provide them with what they need to perform their job and possible be more satisfied. Also, we felt that it was needed to make a few changes in the research and development area as a way to increase the sales of the sugar free ice cream. What we decided was to decrease the budget fo r the luxury ice cream research and cycle it into the sugar-free’s: Process: 1000 euro Standard Ice Cream2100 euro Luxury Ice Cream2600 euro ? 200 euro Special Ice Cream2400 euro Sugar Free Ice Cream2200 euro ? 2600 euro Lastly, we felt that it was time to purchase some market research in the form of a market analysis in order to gain a better understanding of our competitors and the market we are all in. Round 4 Round 5 One key observation made after reviewing the previous rounds results was that with the increase to the education budget there was a slight positive movement in our internal sector. This prompted us to then not only give on more increase of the education budget, but to also provide an increase in funding to the salary department.An unfortunate fallout however from a miscommunication between our group members was our inventory, and this is the round where we could have turned it around if caught in time, however, we neglected the round delay, and ended up runni ng out of stock of certain products. Round 6 The big change was with in the Human Resources as well and the working conditions. After examining the data a little more it was decided to change the working conditions to include the following: Lease espresso machine Training result oriented work Lease ERP software using ASP Lease CRM software using ASP Flexible working conditionsStandard Ice Cream There were a few changes made in the marketing of this product due to declining sales. We went from focusing on the rich history to associating more with price/quality. The pricing seemed high as well so we lowered from 285-275, as well as adjusted the budget from 4100-4000. For inventory, 280 products we purchased at a good quality Luxury Ice Cream We felt the only adjustment should be made was in the pricing, which we lowered from 290-280. Since stocking was also an issue we felt it would be wise to order 400, rather then 150 as in the previous round Special Ice CreamPricing was way to high , so it was determined that hurt our marketshares of this product the most over the past few rounds. In response we lowered the price from 300 down to 280, but increased the budget from 4200 to 4300. Then we shifted the focus of the marketing from best quality to Price/Quality, and ordered 350 in inventory at good quality rather then excellent. Sugar Free Ice Cream Only adjustment made with this product was the purchase of 300 inventory. We looked at the results further and also concluded that we were missing out on market research, which was most definately hurting our chances of competing.After discussing it, we determined that it was wise to purchase market research on the competitors prices, and societies values. The results from the pricing was shocking for us. The whole time our standard ice cream was far to over priced, as was our sugar free, but the changes made previous to the communications mix proved to be almost spot on with the research. But this information was taken h eavily into consideration for the next round of decisions. Round 7 Standard Ice Cream With the huge price difference in our products versus the competitors we decided that the price needed to be lowered immediatly from 275 to 220.Marketing communication match up with the societies values research, but we ordered 300 in inventory and changed the quality to weak. Luxury Ice Cream Comparing our price to the research from the previous round we determined pricing was fine as is, but the marketing communications needed to be changed from price/quality to cheap. We then ordered 500 in inventory with hopes of high future sales. Special Ice Cream The pricing again matched up well enough to stay competitive so we adjusted the communication from price/quality to best quality and also ordered 250 in inventory.Sugar-Free Ice Cream Another big price change was made when we seen that we were almost 20 euros more then the rest, so we dropped from 270 to 250, and also ordered 500 inventory hoping fo r increased sales. There was no change made for the communications. Round 8 Again we ran into the problem of running out of inventory, still not fully realizing the key was in what we were over looking. With hopes to make one final comeback we decided that it would be a good idea to have another press release announcing one more final sale. Looking back, I see that this may have been our fatal error.In response to sending out the press release, our prices had to be lowered further and we done so as follows: Standard Ice Cream: 220 to 205 Luxury Ice Cream : 280 to 250 Special Ice Cream: 280 to 250 Sugar Free Ice Cream:250 to 215 In combination with the lower prices, we also increased the marketing budget to 4500 for each product, in hopes of reaching more people with the new of the sale. We then stacked up inventory ordering 800 standard at weak quality, 800 Luxury average quality, 700 Special at average quality, and 800 Sugar-Free at average quality. ConclusionAll in all the company would have be successful had it not been for the failure to realize the inventory situation earlier. Also, earlier purchasing of market research such as competitors pricing would have proven much more beneficial in earlier rounds. Nielsen’s actually had one of the highest company equities as well as highest net turnover, but dropped drastically in net profits in the final two rounds. Looking back all of these were very simple, if not too simple, mistakes that could have been avoided through clearer communication. [pic] Nielsen’s Ice Cream Logbook Katherine JohnstoneHMMA †¢ CAH †¢ January 17, 2011 [pic] Name:Katherine JohnstoneGroup:Nielsen’sWeek:50, Round 1&2 | When | Who did what? |Task went: – Good/wrong – Why? | |Present at meeting |Before each round |Jef, Dammis and I discussed our strategy and how to implement it |One member left to go home for the holidays, but never mentioned being in contact or showing much concern for the 2 roun ds he would miss | |Actively participating |Before each round |Jef input data as did myself and Dammis |Again, Ross was not around, and neither side tried as they should have to make contact | |Dividing tasks Before each round |Marketing Plan tasks were split, when being redone Dammis did Ross’s Piece |The corrections were only in the pieces Dammis and Jef covered, so I revised mine and theres, and put the report together so that we all still worked together | |Cooperation |Before each round | |Minor arguments, and a small amount of miscommunication, but over all we cooperated well. | |Discussions |Before each round | |Discussed all moves before and during the input of data for each round, and brought up whatever we felt might be or could be a future issue | |Deadlines | | |Marketing Plan- December 8, 2010Round 1- Week 50, Tuesday December 14, 2010 Round 2- Week 50, Friday December 17, 2010 | | Name:Katherine JohnstoneGroup:Nielsen’sWeek: 1, Rounds 3&4 | When | Who did what? |Task went: – Good/wrong – Why? | |Present at meeting |Before each round | |Ross and Myself just arrived back this day, but Jef was absent, so Myself and Ross met with Dammis on Skype | |Actively participating |Before each round | |Dammis and I made most of the decisions, while Ross tried to catch up and understand what we were doing | |Dividing tasks |Before each round | |I input the data while Ross and Dammis discussed | |Cooperation Before each round | |Everyone present coorperated and agreed on everything | |Discussions |Before each round | |Sometimes they were a little heated, but points were always made, but somethings did get over looked. | |Deadlines | | |Round 3- January 4, 2011 Round 4- January 7, 2011 | | Name:Katherine JohnstoneGroup:Nielsen’sWeek:2, rounds 5&6 | When | Who did what? |Task went: – Good/wrong – Why? | |Present at meeting |Before each round | |All were present at the second last meeting, but it was just myself and Ross at the last meeting | |Actively participating Before each round | |Not everyone was involved and some members seemed uninterested in completing the rounds | |Dividing tasks |Before each round | |Usually it was just myself and dammis inputting the data as well as reviewing it | |Cooperation |Before each round | |Not everyone helped to make the decisions, but those who did agreed and cooperated well | |Discussions |Before each round | |Missed out on the little fact about inventory because a dicussion was never finished | |Deadlines | | |Round 5- January 11, 2011 Round 6- January 14, 2011 Marketing Report and Logbook- January 17, 2011 | |

Community Connect

Community Connect Livingston County Residents – Come on Down to the 11th Annual Livingston County’s Community Connect! The  11th Annual Community Connect will be held on Saturday, February 3rd.   This important community event provides a one-stop-shop for social services, legal and utility assistance/information, health screenings, free clothing and baby items, books, food, personal care products, and more. This is open to anyone in Livingston County.The event is hosted by the  Homeless Continuum of Care Committee.Disability Attorneys of Michigan has participated in this event for many years. This event is a wonderful opportunity to obtain free resources from community members in Livingston County. Attorney Frank Cusmano and our paralegal Daniel Dzierbicki look forward to attending this year’s event! We hope to see you there!Community Connect provides a one-stop-shop for a variety of services including:Social ServicesLegal utility assistance/informationHealth screeningFree clothingFree booksFree FoodFree personal care itemsSave The DateDate:  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Saturday February 3, 2018Time:  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9:00am – 2:00pmPlace:  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parker Middle SchoolAddress:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   400 Wright Road, Howell MI 48843To learn more about this event click here.With the help of hundreds of community volunteers, including staff members from  Disability Attorneys of Michigan,  residents throughout Livingston County will be able to receive a variety of services.Disability Attorneys of Michigan. Compassionate Excellence.

Dubonnet essays

Dubonnet essays I have recently been looking at one of Cassandres poster designs called Dubonnet (below) that was designed in 1934 advertising wine. I think this poster is unusual because the poster has three parts to it but all represents the same theme. At the first stage of the design there is a man sitting at a table staring at the glass he is holding what appears to be filled with wine, as the man holds up the glass part of his arm and face becomes highlighted in a dark shade. Also, in the same stage the word DUBO stands out which is read like Du Beau, that means something beautiful. In the second stage the lettering gradually changes to DUBON (something good), and at the same time the man now tastes the wine, again the mans body is shaded more this time moving down towards his stomach. Eventually in the last stage of the design the full brand name of the wine, DUBONNET, is revealed and the man has finished his glass of wine and helps himself to a second serving with a fully highlighted body. To me, this design is very clever because of the way Cassandre has divided the poster into three stages to make it like a cartoon strip. I think the message that its trying to get across is that the more you drink, the more energy you fill up with. Another thing I noticed about this poster is that in each stage of the design he signs parts of his name just like the word DUBONNET and in the last stage he signs his name fully as A.M Cassandre, and also the background of the poster changes shades of yellow and the mans body fills in. I imagine that Cassandre had thought about this design really hard to produce such an unusual advertisement for wine. ...

Transition Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transition Plan - Essay Example (Mario and Marko, 2001) Transitions in the economic and financial structure in various countries have changed the mindset of many policymakers and forced them to rethink on their decisions. The present credit crunch can be termed as another period of transition wherein most of the nationalized banks in the so called superpower, richest land on earth, United States are tumbling down. The world was not ready for the crisis and hence the present economic turmoil. Schools have an important role to play in the lives of children in regard to their education and skills. The present challenges faced by schools are preparing them for the future studies. Most of the schools don't offer guidance to the students on their future education and career. Schools should take the responsibility of identifying the students' interest of education, subject and field of study and encourage and assist him to achieve his/her goals. Prior to introducing the child to school, it is necessary to assess the child's readiness to start school by looking into various factors such as child's age, maturity, social skills, health and their ability to perform certain tasks individually. (Angela, 2008) This transition could lead to lots of constraints for parents. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the parents first before they bring in their children for admission in pre-school. The parents should be advised to talk with their children about schools which will reduce the fear of entering into a new world. The parents should instructed to attend the orientation session where they can be informed about the curriculum, schedules, extra-curricular activities, etc. (www.indiaparenting.net) Smoother transition of activities Schools have to pen down various measures and steps to ensure that transition in schools do not have harsh impact on students. Transition is planning for one's future after high school while still in high school. The transition from school to work, from secondary to post-secondary education is an arduous task for the students of various categories. The schools must lay down procedures to tackle such issues through early planning, continuous assessment process of interest of students, their goals, work experiences, networking with agency and community personnel and creativity about planning. (www.dpi.state.nd.us) Transition plan should draw all the information relating to all the fields mentioned herein, in order to plan correctly the future of young adults. (www.surreycc.gov.uk) Facilities for stakeholders and their responsibilities The process of transition means leaving the past behind and moving ahead which could be painful at times on any given day. Therefore it has to deal carefully in terms of school so the process does not affect the mindset of children. Children in kindergarten should be assessed on various criterions like physical, emotional, linguistic and cognitive and work according to the requirement laid down in the code of practice. Children should be advised on all the issues of transition by preparing a proper transition plan. Children should be prepared well to take on the forthcoming challenges. In regard to their career, the schools should assess

PERSONALITY TRAIT THAT BEST FITS MY LIFE Term Paper - 1

PERSONALITY TRAIT THAT BEST FITS MY LIFE - Term Paper Example This branch of psychology is termed the most ambitious since personalities are all unique. Although unique, there are patterns that have been unlocked by some of the world’s best psychologists. There are even a lot of personality tests that have been invented to promote personality determination. One of the most famous ways of determining personalities is by determining one’s personality traits. Traits, according to this theory, are continuous dimensions of a person, unlike typologies, which are static. Apart from that, the trait theories of personality assume that people have traits that can vary through time, and they are also dependent on a number of personality scales. And unlike other approaches like the humanistic and psychoanalytic ones, trait approach uses differences in personality as basis in determining the specific typologies of a person. The Five-Factor Model theory is one of the most popular forms of determining personality using the personality traits. This theory is based on Eysenck’s Three Dimensions on Personality and Catell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. The former was dismissed as being too short, with only three factors of personality listed in the personality scale. The latter was dismissed because it was too detailed, starting with over 4000 personality traits. It was narrowed down to 16 traits after factorial analysis of the traits as this proved to be the most common and defining traits of an individual. Since the two personality tests either too few or too descriptive, the Five-Factor Model was made. A combination of both Eysenck’s and Cattell’s questionnaires, the Five-Factor Model is considered to be one of the most reliable tests in defining personality. It represents the five core traits that form one’s individuality. The five core traits are: Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness.